Crypto 101
Busting Crypto Myths: You don’t own anything when you buy an NFT
For the uninitiated or crypto-curious people out there, non-fungible tokens (NFTs) represent one of the more colorful sectors of the cryptocurrency industry.
How is it that seemingly duplicable, oftentimes wacky pieces of digital artwork can fetch extraordinarily high prices, and why are people flocking to buy these intangible items?
It’s certainly a difficult topic to get your head around, but let’s give it a try.
What exactly is an NFT again?
First off, it’s important to point out that when you purchase an NFT, in most cases you’re actually buying is a digital token that simply points to a specific computer file that exists somewhere else on the internet. That said, there are some NFT platforms that store the digital file in the blockchain itself.
This file can be anything from an MP3 to an in-game costume or a cartoon animal picture.
Think of it as a digital deed to a plot of land. The deed represents ownership of that particular property but, in real terms, the deed is not the plot itself.
Similarly, in most cases the NFT is NOT the digital item itself.
So, while it may seem like it’s all one thing, there are actually two separate components involved.
- The digital item itself (a picture of a cartoon ape, a GIF of an animated cat with a Pop-Tart torso, etc.)
- The non-fungible digital token that contains unique identifying metadata that points to the above item, i.e. File location, item name, unique traits, contract address, etc.
An NFT is simply a tradable digital token that stores important metadata (digital information) pertaining to the associated digital item. This information is unique such that even if you were to screenshot or duplicate the intended file and mint a new NFT to represent it, it would contain different metadata and therefore it would be easy to identify which one was the original and which one was a copy.
Just as you can’t “copy” a piece of real estate that a deed describes, you can’t just copy the digital object that an NFT describes. You can take a picture of a plot of land or right click on a funny cat NFT, but the object the NFT relates to stays the same.
This ease of authentication is thanks to the immutable, transparent, free-for-all-to-see nature of blockchain technology on which all NFT tokens are stored.
When you buy an NFT, the blockchain stores data that says a specific digital token is linked to a specific item. This, in turn, is connected to a specific crypto wallet address. If you choose to sell the NFT, the system updates the blockchain data to reflect the new owner’s crypto wallet address.
With that refresher in mind, back to what you own.
What do you really own when you buy an NFT?
The ownership part of NFTs isn’t as straightforward as you might think.
On one hand, when you buy an NFT you are essentially buying a token that gives you bragging rights so that you can tell everybody “there might be hundreds of copies of this digital picture on the internet, but I own the original one and here’s the immutable evidence (in the form of a unique digital token) to prove it.”
But on the other hand, while you may be the “owner” of an original digital item, that doesn’t necessarily mean you have any rights concerning that item, to say, use it as a business logo or create and sell memorabilia based off of it. Oftentimes, those intellectual property rights remain with the person or people who first created the item, but this often differs by NFT collection.
That isn’t to say there aren’t NFTs that do grant open license usage. Most of the time, unless expressly mentioned by the creator, buyers shouldn’t just assume these rights are automatically handed over upon sale.
So, in short, what you own is a digital token that immutably points to an original digital item. Beyond that, holders of certain NFT collections such as Bored Apes Yacht Club (BAYC) have found ways of increasing utility by establishing their own exclusive communities. These private channels allow like-minded people to share ideas, information, and receive perks like early access to new NFT drops.
Advances in DeFi protocols also means holders can now rent their NFTs to others in some instances.
What happens if the digital file is deleted?
If you only own the NFT and not the digital file itself, then what would happen if the original creator decided to wipe the file, or it got accidentally deleted?
This is one of the major drawbacks of NFTs right now. In a rush to capitalize on the surging NFT trend, many creators fail to adequately secure their NFT data. That means if that data gets lost or corrupted, the NFT will point to nothing and be rendered worthless.
A recent example of this is the widespread loss of many NFTs minted on the now-defunct FTX exchange. Instead of hosting NFT data using a decentralized, blockchain-based storage solution like Storj or Sia, FTX hosted them on FTX US servers which are now no longer operational. As a result, affected NFTs no longer link to their original files, but instead, direct users to an FTX webpage that outlines the company’s insolvency. Unfortunate events like this re-illustrate the importance of decentralized NFT metadata storage and will hopefully set new standards for collections going forward.
Learning how NFTs work now will help you navigate the future of the metaverse and digital ownership. Many wager that we could eventually end up buying and selling digital goods in the same way we sell physical ones. After all, we will still need cool shoes, T-shirts, and jewelry whether we’re hanging out in a real bar or a virtual one.
